One of the most difficult milestones for seniors is deciding when it’s time to stop driving. As we get older, certain physical actions and mental capabilities important to motor vehicle skills inevitably become more difficult to manage, contributing to a higher accident risk.
That said, due to their maturity, older drivers often have better driving habits than other age groups. They are much less likely to be involved in a drunk driving accident, for example, and much more likely to wear a seat belt than any other age group. And although 183,000 drivers over 65 were injured in accidents in 2008, the majority of those accidents did not harm other drivers or passengers. Still, as a spouse, child, or friend, the risk of elderly driving once physical or mental capability starts to fade is too risky to ignore, no matter how uncomfortable having the conversation about giving up the keys could be.
The goal of this guide is to serve as a resource for people trying to understand the risks associated with driving at an older age, discuss options to complement physical or psychological changes, and offer alternative sources of transportation if an older driver decides to stop driving.
Risks
Older drivers are generally considered safe since they avoid unnecessary risks associated with youth recklessness, but physical and mental changes can turn safe drivers into high-risk drivers. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, for example, found that while the risks are very different, drivers over the age of 75 are as likely to have an accident per mile driven as people under 24, generally considered the most at risk age group. Below is a brief description of the most common changes to mobility, vision, and reaction time.
Mobility
Symptoms:
- Trouble looking over shoulder to check blind spot.
- Difficulty moving foot quickly between gas and brake pedals.
What to Do?
- Ask a doctor to prescribe medication for any stiffness in legs and/or neck.
- Choose a vehicle with an automatic transmission, power steering, and power breaks.
- Sit at least ten inches from steering wheel to avoid air bag injuries.
Vision
Sympoms:
- Discomfort while driving at night due to headlights of approaching vehicles.
- Blurring of street signs or traffic lines.
What to Do?
- See an eye doctor yearly to update eyeglasses prescription and check for glaucoma.
- Consider limiting driving to daylight hours.
Attention or Reaction Time
Symptoms:
- Experiencing dizziness, seizures, or loss of consciousness.
- Becoming lost or confused more often while behind the wheel.
What to Do?
- Plan your route ahead of time to avoid getting lost in strange areas.
- Drive primarily during daylight hours, when traffic lights are easier to see and there are fewer surprises.
Measures to Decrease the Dangers of Older Driving
It’s not always up to a high-risk driver’s family and friends to approach someone about putting the keys away for good. After all, it’s partially the government’s responsibility to keep everyone, not just seniors, safe. No state has implemented laws regulating driving based on old age alone. But some states have introduced new regulations to ensure that drivers above a certain age remain physically and emotionally fit to drive before they renew their licenses. Meanwhile, local organizations are making it easier for high-risk drivers to get off the road when it’s the right time.
Government Regulation
Additional Drivers’ License Renewal Requirements
- California: No mail-in license renewal after 70.
- Maine: Vision test required for every second renewal after 40.
- Maryland: Vision test required at age 40 and every subsequent renewal.
- Oregon: Vision screening required every 8 years after 50.
- District of Columbia: After 70, a driver must undergo a vision and reaction test, in addition to providing a letter of fitness from a doctor.
- Georgia: Vision test required for drivers 64 and older.
- Illinois: Renewal applicants older than 75 must take a road test.
- Many states forbid remote renewal after a certain age.
- Results of additional regulations — mostly inconclusive.
- One study showed a 17 percent reduction in the number of fatal crashes for drivers over 85 in states requiring in-person license renewal.
- Another study showed that in states requiring vision testing for drivers over 65, there was no change in fatal accidents.
Alternatives to Driving
- Public Transportation
- Great if in a metropolitan area, but unavailable for rural and some suburban communities.
- Efficient and cost effective.
- Retired drivers can maintain the freedom of being able to go anywhere without having to ask for help.
- Walking
- The best option for rural and small suburban communities.
- Staying active is an added bonus to shedding insurance costs and dangers associated with driving.
- Can be complemented with taxi cabs or rides from friends or family when longer distance travel is necessary.
- Help from Community Programs
- Many churches and senior centers provide shuttle service for older citizens in need of transportation.
- These programs are cheap (if not free), and encourage interaction with other retired members of the community.
Having the Conversation
Suggesting that a parent or spouse stop driving can be an incredibly touchy subject. For the first time since childhood, a freedom associated with daily routine is being taken away. But for high-risk drivers, the conversation is necessary and can be accomplished in a way that determines the best result for all sides.
- Encourage a high-risk driver to take a self-survey about driving practices designed to indicate whether he or she still drives safely.
- Present viable alternatives to driving that will maintain the high-risk driver’s sense of freedom.
- Create a plan designed to phase in self-imposed driving regulations
- Conversation Openers
- An accident or close call.
- Changes to health.
- Increased tendency to get lost.
- Anticipating Reactions
- According to recent surveys, fewer than a fourth of older adults felt depression following the conversation, and fewer than ten percent are angry.
- Many older drivers are worried about becoming a burden and losing social freedom.
- If a driver refuses to listen, it is helpful to enlist the support of a doctor or driving rehabilitation specialist.
Please email GJEL Accident Attorneys at benb [at] gjel [dot] com with stories about your own experiences navigating your parent, spouse, or friend’s transition away from driving when it became too difficult.
Additional Resources
AAA Seniors
NHTSA Senior Drivers
IIHS Q&A: Older Drivers
State by State: Driving Laws Across the Nation
Photo credits: EmploymentCrossing, Kess, guydonges, rfernand
Frequently asked questions about senior driver safety
What can have the biggest impact on senior driver safety?
As you age, your ability to drive may be affected by changes in your body, such as stiff joints and muscles, trouble seeing or hearing, slower reaction time and reflexes, and the use of certain medications. These changes may impact your driving skills, making it harder to brake safely, turn your head to look back, or recognize familiar places. To address these issues, consider the following:
• Talk with your doctor about any pain, stiffness, or arthritis that affects your driving. You might need hand controls for both the gas and brake pedals if you have leg problems.
• Get a dilated eye exam from your eye doctor every one to two years if you are 60 or older. If you need glasses or contact lenses to see far away while driving, make sure your prescription is up to date and correct.
• Have your hearing checked at least every three years after age 50 or more frequently if you have had chronic exposure to loud noises or have other risk factors for hearing loss.
• Ask your doctor or pharmacist if any of your health problems or medications might make it unsafe for you to drive.
• If you have dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, you may need to stop driving as your memory and decision-making skills get worse.
• Families and friends should monitor the person’s driving ability and take action as soon as they observe a potential problem.
• Work with their health care team to let the person know it’s no longer safe to keep driving.
By being aware of the potential impact of aging and medication on driving skills and taking proactive steps to address these issues, you can help maintain your independence and safety on the roads.
What are signs that a mature driver should no longer be on the road?
As people age, there are several factors that can impact their ability to drive safely. Stiff joints and muscles, visual impairment, and hearing loss are some of the most common issues that can affect older drivers. Additionally, some medications can cause drowsiness, lightheadedness, or other side effects that can make driving unsafe. Slower reaction times and reflexes can also be a concern as people age.
It’s important for families and friends to keep an eye out for signs that an older loved one may be having driving difficulties. This could include multiple car accidents or near misses, an increase in traffic tickets or warnings, comments from neighbors or friends about erratic driving, or anxiety about driving at night. Health issues can also impact driving ability, and a doctor may recommend modifying driving habits or quitting driving entirely.
If you’re concerned about an older loved one’s driving ability, you may want to observe their driving or ask them to consider doing a self-assessment of their driving. It can be a difficult conversation to have, but it’s important for everyone’s safety on the roads.
Andy Gillin received his Bachelor’s Degree from the University of California at Berkeley and his law degree from the University of Chicago. He is the managing partner of GJEL Accident Attorneys and has written and lectured in the field of plaintiffs’ personal injury law for numerous organizations. Andy is a highly recognized wrongful death lawyer in California.